Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 昭

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhāo

Preclassic Old Chinese: taw

Classic Old Chinese: taw

Western Han Chinese: taw

Eastern Han Chinese: ćaw

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćew

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćew

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćew

Middle Chinese: ćew

English meaning : be bright, illustrious;to manifest, enlighten

Russian meaning[s]: 1) освещать, озарять; выяснять; ясный, светлый; очевидный; 2) блистательный, славный; прославлять; 3) Чжао (фамилия)

Comments: Sch. gives also a reading MC ćéw 'be bright, glorious', which I was unable to locate anywhere. Another reading of the character is OC *daw, MC ʒ́ew 'shrined on the left side of the temple'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 72

Four-angle index: 1347

Karlgren code: 1131 m

Go-on: seu

Kan-on: seu

Japanese reading: shō;akiraka;teru;terasu

Character: 映

Modern (Beijing) reading: yìng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔraŋʔs

Classic Old Chinese: ʔraŋh

Western Han Chinese: ʔraŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔreŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔèŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔèŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔèŋ

Middle Chinese: ʔä̀iŋ

English meaning : ray, beam, light [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) отражать; отсвечивать; отражение; тень; 2) просвечивать, пронизать (о луче); 3) искриться, ишрать

Comments: There is also a reading MC ʔấŋ, OC *ʔāŋʔ.

Radical: 72

Four-angle index: 5097

Vietnamese reading: ánh

Character: 昧

Modern (Beijing) reading: mèi

Preclassic Old Chinese: mǝ̄ts

Classic Old Chinese: mǝ̄ć

Western Han Chinese: mǝ̄ś

Eastern Han Chinese: mǝ̄ś

Early Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄ś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: mòj

English meaning : be twilighted, obscure, bewildered

Russian meaning[s]: 1) темный, неясный; мрак; сумерки; 2) невежественный, темный; 3) не видеть; плохое зрение; 4) скрыть, спрятать

Comments: For *m cf. Xiamen mui⁶, Fuzhou muoi⁶, Chaozhou bi⁶, Jianou mo⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 72

Four-angle index: 5329

Karlgren code: 0531 n-o

Vietnamese reading: muội

Character: 是

Modern (Beijing) reading: shì

Preclassic Old Chinese: deʔ

Classic Old Chinese: dé

Western Han Chinese: dé

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ́é

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́é

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́é

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́é

Middle Chinese: ʒ́é

English meaning : this is (linkverb or inverted demonstrative pronoun)

Russian meaning[s]: I 1) грам. связка есть, суть; быть, являться; это; в русском переводе в настоящем времени часто опускается; конструкция сказуемого - глагола или прилагательного, характеризующего подлежащее; 2) связка в качестве, за, вместо; 3) то, именно; перед сказуемым особо акцентирует его; 4) суффикс наречий и союзов; II 1) правда; правота; правильный, верный; правый; 2) считать за правду; одобрять; подтверждать; 3) да!, правильно!, верно!; 4) соответствовать; 5) основные принципы, принципы бытия, основа; III 1) в вэньяне этот; сей; его; 2) в вэньяне перед сказуемым показатель объекта этого, его; 3) всякий, каждый; все; 4) Ши (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 直也.從日正.凡是之屬皆從是.#籀文是.從古文正.

Comments: The Bai forms may also reflect 在 (q.v.); the form is translated as 是, 有 and 在. Etymology see under 之 *tǝ.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 72

Four-angle index: 5860

Karlgren code: 0866 a-c

Jianchuan Bai: cɨ1

Dali Bai: cɨ1

Bijiang Bai: ǯi1

Shijing occurrences: 2.2, 29.2, 30.1, 47.1, 47.3

Character: 星

Modern (Beijing) reading: xīng

Preclassic Old Chinese: shēŋ

Classic Old Chinese: shēŋ

Western Han Chinese: shēŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: shiēŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: shiēŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shiēŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: shiēŋ

Middle Chinese: sieŋ

English meaning : star; asterism, constellation

Russian meaning[s]: 1) звезда; светило; небесное тело; 2) искра; крошечный; 3) разрозненный, разбросанный; 4) деление (на безмене); 5) Син (фамилия)

Comments: The character was also used in Early Zhou for another word, *ʒeŋ 'to become clear (of sky)' (MC ʒjeŋ, Mand. qíng, Viet. tình; despite Schüssler, this word is quite distinct etymologically from *shēŋ 'star'). Since Han this word was denoted by a different character, 晴. For the latter, standard Sino-Viet. is tình, but there also exists a colloquial loan from the same source, Viet. tạnh; for unaspirated *ʒ cf. Xiamen cĩ², Chaozhou cẽ², Fuzhou saŋ², ciaŋ², Jianou caŋ².

For OC *sh- cf. Min forms: Xiamen chĩ¹, Chaozhou chẽ¹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 72

Four-angle index: 396

Karlgren code: 0812 x-y

Vietnamese reading: tinh

Jianchuan Bai: śɛ̃4

Dali Bai: śer4

Bijiang Bai: śã4

Shijing occurrences: 21.1_, 21.2_, 50.3, 55.2_

Character: 昨

Modern (Beijing) reading: zuó

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́(h)āk

Classic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)āk

Western Han Chinese: ʒ(h)āk

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ(h)āk

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)āk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)āk

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ(h)āk

Middle Chinese: ʒâk

English meaning : the previous day, yesterday [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: вчера; вчерашний; в прошлом; недавно

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 72

Four-angle index: 2028

Karlgren code: 0806 s

Character: 昱

Modern (Beijing) reading: yù

Preclassic Old Chinese: luk (~ Ł-)

Classic Old Chinese: luk

Western Han Chinese: lǝuk

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝuk

Early Postclassic Chinese: źɨuk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: juk

Late Postclassic Chinese: juk

Middle Chinese: jük

English meaning : bright [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: яркое солнце; ясный день

Radical: 72

Four-angle index: 550

Go-on: iku

Kan-on: iku

Japanese reading: iku;akiraka;sakan

Character: 曷

Modern (Beijing) reading: hé

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghāt

Classic Old Chinese: ghāt

Western Han Chinese: ɣāt

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣāt

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣāt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣāt

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣāt

Middle Chinese: ɣât

English meaning : interrogative used mostly adverbially: why, how, when

Russian meaning[s]: 1) почему?, как?; когда?; где?; что?; 2) почему бы не...; 3) 7-е число (в телеграммах)

Shuowen gloss: 何也.從曰.丐聲.

Comments: Sometimes written as 害 (q.v.)

One of the OC interrogative pronouns beginning with *ghā- (see 何 *ghāj, 胡 *ghā, 盍 *ghāp : the latter ("why not") is reflected in Xiamen as ap8 - which allows us to reconstruct aspirated *gh- for the whole set). See also 豈 *khǝjʔ.

Radical: 73

Four-angle index: 4278

Karlgren code: 0313 d

Shijing occurrences: 24.1, 27.1, 27.2, 33.3

Character: 柿

Modern (Beijing) reading: shì

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́hrǝʔ

Classic Old Chinese: ʒhrǝ́

Western Han Chinese: ʒ̣hǝ́

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ̣hǝ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣hɨ́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣hɨ́

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣hɨ́

Middle Chinese: ʒ̣ɨ́

English meaning : Diospyros, persimmon

Russian meaning[s]: бот. хурма (Diospyros)

Comments: Ming dialects point to aspiration, but have a quite unexpected velar reflex (Xiamen khi6, Fuzhou khe6, Jianou khi6).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 3922

Karlgren code: 0554 h-i

Character: 染

Modern (Beijing) reading: rǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: namʔ (~ -emʔ)

Classic Old Chinese: nám

Western Han Chinese: nám

Eastern Han Chinese: ńám

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńém

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńém

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńém

Middle Chinese: ńém

English meaning : be soft

Comments: Somewhat later (since late Zhou) the character was also used for a homonymous *namʔ (~-emʔ) 'to dye, smear; (dye >) infect'(with a variant *namʔ-s, MC ńèm). Viet. nhiễm is a standard reading; there also exists a colloquial loan nhuộm 'to dye'. For *n cf. Xiamen nĩ³, Chaozhou ziǝm³, Fuzhou nieŋ³, Jianou niŋ³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0623 a

Vietnamese reading: nhiễm

Jianchuan Bai: sẽ1

Dali Bai: ze1

Bijiang Bai: lu5

Character: 柱

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhù

Preclassic Old Chinese: dhroʔ

Classic Old Chinese: dhró

Western Han Chinese: ḍhwá

Eastern Han Chinese: ḍhwá

Early Postclassic Chinese: ḍhwó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ḍhwó

Late Postclassic Chinese: ḍhwó

Middle Chinese: ḍǘ

English meaning : post, pillar [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) столб, колонна; геом. цилиндр; 2) подпорка; подпирать, поддерживать

Comments: For *dh- cf. Xiamen thiau6, Chaozhou thiǝu4, Fuzhou theu6. Etymology see under 樹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 360

Karlgren code: 0129 h

Jianchuan Bai: cɨ1

Dali Bai: cɨ1

Bijiang Bai: ḍɨ1

Character: 柔

Modern (Beijing) reading: róu

Preclassic Old Chinese: nu

Classic Old Chinese: nu

Western Han Chinese: nǝw

Eastern Han Chinese: ńǝw

Early Postclassic Chinese: ńiw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ńǝw

Late Postclassic Chinese: ńǝw

Middle Chinese: ńǝw

English meaning : be soft, gentle

Russian meaning[s]: 1) мягкий; слабый; нежный; уступчивый; размягчать; размачивать; 2) разморить; 3) умиротворить; 4) четный

Comments: For *n cf. Xiamen ʒiu², Fuzhou iu², Chaozhou ziu².

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5226

Karlgren code: 1105 a

Vietnamese reading: nhu

Shijing occurrences: 57.2

Character: 某

Modern (Beijing) reading: mǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: mǝ̄ʔ

Classic Old Chinese: mǝ̄́

Western Han Chinese: mǝ̄́

Eastern Han Chinese: mǝ̄́

Early Postclassic Chinese: mṓw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: mǝ̄́w

Middle Chinese: mʌ́w

English meaning : someone, so-and-so

Russian meaning[s]: 1) некий, некто, такой-то, Н-ский; 2) стар. я

Comments: For *m cf. Xiamen bɔ³, Chaozhou mou³, Fuzhou mu³, Jianou me³.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5176

Karlgren code: 0948 a-b

Character: 柬

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: krēnʔ

Classic Old Chinese: krḗn

Western Han Chinese: krjā́n

Eastern Han Chinese: kriā́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: kiẹ̄́n

Middle Chinese: kạ̈́n

English meaning : select, distinguish [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) карточка (визитная); листок; записка; письмо, вм. 簡; 2) сокращать; выбирать, отбирать; сортировать, см. 揀

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5396

Karlgren code: 0185 a

Character: 架

Modern (Beijing) reading: jià

Preclassic Old Chinese: krājs

Classic Old Chinese: krājh

Western Han Chinese: krājh

Eastern Han Chinese: krǟh

Early Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: kạ̄̀

Middle Chinese: kạ̀

English meaning : shelf

Russian meaning[s]: 1) подставка; полка; этажерка; вешалка; леса; козлы; установка, станина; рама, перекладина; счетный суффикс предметов, имеющих раму, установку; 2) сруб; пролет стены; 3) составлять (в козлы); накладывать, класть (на что-л.); устанавливать; наводить (мост); подпирать, поддерживать; 4) подвешивать в воздухе; подвесной; перен. фабриковать, измышлять; 5) подстрекать, подбивать; 6) похищать (для получения выкупа); 7) отбивать, отражать (удары)

Comments: A colloquial loan from the same source is Viet. kệ 'shelf'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5195

Vietnamese reading: giá

Character: 枯

Modern (Beijing) reading: kū

Preclassic Old Chinese: khā

Classic Old Chinese: khā

Western Han Chinese: khā

Eastern Han Chinese: khā

Early Postclassic Chinese: khō

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khō

Late Postclassic Chinese: khō

Middle Chinese: kho

English meaning : withered, dried

Russian meaning[s]: 1) высохнуть; сухой; увядший; мертвый; 2) тощий, худой; 3) сухостой

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 1280

Karlgren code: 0049 t

Vietnamese reading: khô

Jianchuan Bai: khu3

Character: 柵

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhà

Russian meaning[s]: забор, частокол, палисад; решетка, барьер

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 4010

Character: 柩

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiù

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghʷǝʔs

Classic Old Chinese: ghwǝh

Western Han Chinese: ghwǝh

Eastern Han Chinese: ghwǝh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ghwɨ̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ghwɨ̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: ghwɨ̀

English meaning : coffin [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: гроб с телом

Comments: For *ghʷ cf. Fuzhou kheu⁶ (reflecting suffixless *ghʷǝʔ).

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 803

Karlgren code: 0993 g

Character: 柯

Modern (Beijing) reading: kē

English meaning : axe handle

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 柄

Modern (Beijing) reading: bǐng

Preclassic Old Chinese: praŋs

Classic Old Chinese: praŋh

Western Han Chinese: praŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: preŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: pèŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pèŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: pèŋ

Middle Chinese: pä̀iŋ

English meaning : a handle

Russian meaning[s]: 1) рукоятка; держать; мех. мотыль, шатун; 2) кормило власти; управлять; 3) счетный суффикс вееров

Comments: In Mand. also read bǐng (suggesting *praŋs < *praŋʔ-s ?).

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 3952

Karlgren code: 0757 h